{"id":1581,"date":"2017-02-16T13:05:18","date_gmt":"2017-02-16T20:05:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ziva-voda.com\/blog\/?p=1581"},"modified":"2020-04-30T23:30:08","modified_gmt":"2020-04-30T21:30:08","slug":"nizja-rast-veganov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ziva-voda.com\/blog\/nizja-rast-veganov\/","title":{"rendered":"Ni\u017eja rast veganov"},"content":{"rendered":"

Moja prateta je ovdovela malo pred prvo svetovno vojno. Ostala je sama s sedmimi otroki in v pri\u010dakovanju osmega. \u0160e na dan poroda je prinesla domov na glavi rjuho sena, od\u0161la v sobo, kjer je rodila brez pomo\u010di, zve\u010der pa \u0161e skuhala za otroke mo\u010dnik z mlekom. Njihova prehrana je bila skromna, a polnovredna z gorskih pa\u0161nikov in njiv.<\/p>\n

Tudi drugod po svetu neko\u010d ni bilo kaj druga\u010de. To razkriva raziskava dr. Westona A. Pricea, opravljena med 31 predindustrijskimi ljudstvi. Med drugim je opisal, kako Inuitke pono\u010di zaradi poroda obi\u010dajno niso niti zbudile mo\u017ea. Otroka so povile same in ga predstavile soprogu, ko se je zbudil. To je naravno stanje \u017eivljenjske mo\u010di, potrebne za zdravo rojevanje. A tako je bilo pri Inuitih le, dokler niso za\u010deli u\u017eivati tudi industrijske hrane. Od takrat tudi Inuitke potrebujejo pri porodu pomo\u010d babice in osebja v porodni\u0161nicah (Price, 1939).<\/p>\n

\"kitajski<\/a>

Kitajski poljedelci<\/p><\/div>\n

Priceovo knjigo sem prebiral pred dobrimi dvajsetimi leti, ko sem bil vegan \u2013 u\u017eival sem le \u017eivila rastlinskega izvora. Zamislil sem se zlasti ob fotografijah in opisih afri\u0161kih \u017eivinorejskih Masajev, ki so zelo postavni, medtem ko so okoli\u0161ki poljedelci, ki u\u017eivajo zelo malo hrane \u017eivalskega izvora, ni\u017eje rasti in manj razvite postave. Kasneje sem prebral, da so vegetarijanci in vegani na sploh nekoliko ni\u017eje rasti kot vsejedi (Hlastan, Ribi\u010d 2006). Na Kitajskem, kjer je tradicionalna prehrana poljedelcev \u017ee tiso\u010dletja skorajda veganska, se je po letu 1978, ko je vlada za\u010dela uvajati sistem izbolj\u0161anja prehrane tudi z ve\u010d \u017eivili \u017eivalskega izvora, telesna vi\u0161ina Kitajcev in Kitajk za\u010dela pove\u010devati (Zong, Li, 2014).<\/p>\n

Danes nisem ve\u010d vegan, sem pa simpatizer tega na\u010dina prehranjevanja, saj je ve\u010d \u0161tudij dokazalo, da imata vegetarijanstvo in vegastvo prednosti pred me\u0161ano hrano pri zmanj\u0161evanju tveganj sr\u010dno \u017eilnih obolenj (Craig, 2009) in obolevanjem za rakom (Campbell, Campbell 2006). Po drugi strani pa biologi opozarjajo, da je pri \u017eivalskih vrstah ni\u017eja rast od mo\u017ene dokaz neoptimalnosti prehrane (Larsen, 2000). Je ni\u017eja rast od mo\u017ene lahko \u017eivljenjsko ogro\u017eujo\u010da?<\/p>\n

O polnovrednem veganstvu za novo \u017eivljenje<\/h3>\n

Telesna vi\u0161ina je povezana z mo\u017enostmi uspe\u0161ne reprodukcije. Narava je v tem oziru neizprosna: pri izbiri partnerja imajo prednost osebki obeh spolov, ki so nekoliko vi\u0161ji od povpre\u010dja. Zlasti nizki mo\u0161ki imajo manj mo\u017enosti izbire kot visokorasli. To je lahko faktor frustracij, ni pa \u017eivljenjsko ogro\u017eajo\u010de. Resnej\u0161e posledice ima nizka rast \u017eensk:<\/p>\n

V razvitem svetu se vegastvo intenzivneje uveljavlja \u0161ele v zadnjih desetletjih. Samo v ZDA jih je 6 milijonov (Mercola, 2016), med njimi najve\u010d mladih \u017eensk (Craig, 2009). Prestop v veganstvo na njihovo telesno vi\u0161ino seveda ne vpliva veliko ali sploh ne.<\/p>\n

\"Nose\u010dnica\"

Pomanjkanje esencialnih hranil je za \u017eivljenje uni\u010dujo\u010de, pa naj gre za vegansko, vegetarijansko ali me\u0161ano prehrano.
Dandanes se manj kot 3% prebivalcev v razvitem svetu prehranjuje v skladu z uradnimi priporo\u010dili (Milton, 1998). Dele\u017e porodov s carskim rezom se je v razvitem svetu dvignil \u017ee na 21% (Klemetti, 2010). V prehrani skoraj vseh vsejedih nose\u010dnic primanjkuje med drugim folne kisline (Rainer, 2012), veganskim nose\u010dnicam pa vitamina B12 (Smith, 2009). Posledica obeh so nevrodegenerativne bolezni novorojen\u010dkov.<\/p><\/div>\n

Po mnenju Ameri\u0161kega zdru\u017eenja za prehrano ADA je ustrezno planirana veganska prehrana primerna v vseh fazah \u017eivljenjskega ciklusa (Craig, Mangels, 2009), torej tudi v \u010dasu nose\u010dnosti in poroda. To dokazujejo izku\u0161nje veganske skupnosti Farma iz Tennesseeja. Med 1.700 porodi so zabele\u017eili le 1 % carskih rezov (Barnard, 1993). Ta skupnost posve\u010da posebno pozornost polnovrednosti veganske prehrane. A tudi otroci teh vegank so ni\u017eji od vsejedih vrstnikov. Nekatera hranila so namre\u010d v veganski prehrani, tudi \u010de je skrbno na\u010drtovana, kve\u010djemu na minimalno potrebni ravni \u2013 dale\u010d od optimuma; gre za beljakovine, dolgoveri\u017ene omega 3 ma\u0161\u010dobne kisline, \u017eelezo, cink, jod, kalcij in vitamin D in B12 (Craig, Mangels, 2009). Med njimi so kar tri (kalcij, vitamin D in beljakovine), ki so bistvena za rast.<\/p>\n

Problem ni\u017eje rasti veganov postane bolj viden \u0161ele v drugi generaciji \u017eensk: zahodnja\u0161ka mati, ki je prestopila v veganstvo, je odra\u0161\u010dala ob me\u0161ani hrani in je \u0161e visoka, veganska h\u010derka (in tudi sin) pa ni\u017eje rasti. Na Zahodu imamo malo izku\u0161enj z veganstvom skozi ve\u010d generacij, zato je prav, da se ozremo proti azijskim de\u017eelam, kjer sta veganstvo in vegetarijanstvo uveljavljena \u017ee tiso\u010dletja.<\/p>\n

Vzemimo primer Kitajske. Prete\u017eno vegetarijanske poljedelske Kitajke v rodni dobi so za 6 cm ni\u017eje in kar za 13 kg la\u017eje od Britank enake starosti. (Key et al. 1990 ). Prenizka telesna masa \u017eensk je pogosto povezana z njihovo telesno \u00bbzakrnelostjo\u00ab (Ransom, Elder 2003), za katero so zna\u010dilni ozki boki in drobne prsi. Telesna zakrnelost je mo\u010dan faktor tveganja zapletov pri porodu (Ranson, Elder 2003). Ozki boki so lahko znak nezadostno razvite medenice, zato lahko nastanejo te\u017eave pri prehodu otroka skozi o\u017ejo medeni\u010dno odprtino. Na bokih in na prsih ima telesno dobro razvita \u017eenska dovolj zaloge dolgoveri\u017enih omega 3 ma\u0161\u010dob. Te so bistvene za razvoj in rast ploda in za normalen porod (Lawrence, Lawrence, 2016).<\/p>\n

Tudi v Indiji je tradicionalna hrana prete\u017eno veganska. \u0160tudija med materami na podro\u010dju Pune v ju\u017eni Indiji, ki je indikativna za prete\u017eni del poljedelske Indije, je pokazala, da je \u017eivil \u017eivalskega izvora v prehrani \u017eensk zelo malo, \u010detrtina pa se jih prehranjuje povsem vegansko. Njihovi novorojen\u010dki so manj\u0161i in la\u017eji kot novorojen\u010dki vsejedih mater (Yajnik et al. 2007), kar prina\u0161a otroku, kot opozarja stroka, ve\u010dje tveganje infekcij in drugih obolenj ter prezgodnje smrti v post-natalnem obdobju in kasneje v \u017eivljenju (Ransom, Elder, 2003).<\/p>\n

Tudi Indijke so, podobno kot Kitajke, ni\u017eje od vsejedk (Yajnik et al. 2007) in prav tako \u00bbde\u0161ke\u00ab postave. Zaradi velikega tveganja porodnih zapletov doma\u010di spodbujajo nose\u010dnice k u\u017eivanju manj hrane, da bi bil novorojen\u010dek (\u0161e) manj\u0161i in ne bi bilo zapletov pri njegovem prehodu skozi medeni\u010dno odprtino (Ransom, 2003:14).<\/p>\n

Kako druga\u010de kot v krajih s tradicionalno me\u0161ano hrano, kjer so nose\u010dnice spodbujali, naj ve\u010d jedo, saj so vedeli, da tako zmanj\u0161ajo porodna tveganja, ki so celo pri najbolj\u0161i hrani velika.<\/p>\n

Z dna v vi\u0161ave<\/h3>\n

\u010clove\u0161ka zgodovina in predzgodovina ka\u017eeta, da je \u010dlove\u0161tvo zmo\u017eno pre\u017eiveti in se razvijati ob zelo razli\u010dnih vrstah prehrane, \u010de le vsebujejo dovolj vseh esencialnih hranil (Cunnane, 2013). Med take vrste prehrane sodi tudi tradicionalno veganstvo Kitajcev. Dr. Colin T. Campbell ga celo postavlja za vzor (Campbell, Jacobson, 2014).<\/p>\n

Res je, da ve\u010dina Kitajk uspe\u0161no rodi in njihovi otroci odrastejo zdravo. Tako so se tudi lahko zelo namno\u017eili. A, kot re\u010deno, celo ob taki veganski hrani je v primerjavi s tradicionalno me\u0161ano hrano pove\u010dano \u017eivljenjsko tveganje za porodnico in novorojen\u010dka.<\/p>\n

To je podoba najbolj\u0161e mo\u017ene, s tradicijo preverjene veganske hrane. \u0160e zdale\u010d ni idealna. A \u0161e ve\u010dji problem je, da je v dana\u0161njem \u010dasu te\u017eko uresni\u010dljiva. Hrana je osiroma\u0161ena, zato je tudi ve\u010dina veganov, kljub skrbi za prehrano, podhranjenih. Kot ugotavlja veganstvu naklonjeni dr. W. Craig (2009), skoraj vsem veganom primanjkuje vitaminov B12 in D, kalcija in dolgoveri\u017enih omega 3 ma\u0161\u010dobnih kislin. Svetuje, naj jih vegani redno u\u017eivajo z \u017eivili, obogatenimi z njimi ali z ustreznimi prehranskimi dopolnili. Njihovo pomanjkanje ne ogro\u017ea le rasti, pa\u010d pa \u017eivljenje samo. Ocenjujejo, da jih zaradi poslab\u0161anega po\u010dutja z leti odstopi od veganstva pribli\u017eno polovica (Mercola, 2016). \u010ce bi se zavedali naravnih omejitev veganstva in mo\u017enosti za njihovo preseganje, ki jih ponuja sodobna prehranska industrija, jim tega ne bi bilo treba. Lahko bi dosegli prav tako rast otrok in bolj\u0161e zdravje kot vsejedci.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Dr. Iztok Ostan v sodelovanju z Alberto Ostan za revijo Narava zdravi \u0161t. 77, november 2016.<\/p>\n

Viri:<\/p>\n

Barnard, Neal (1993). Food for life: how the new four food groups can save your life. Three rivers press.<\/p>\n

Craig, Winston, J. (2009). Health effects of vegan diets. Am J Clin Nutr, 89 (suppl): 1627S-33S.<\/p>\n

Craig, W.J., Mangels, A.R. (2009). Position of the American Dietetic Association: vegetarian diets. J Am Diet Assoc, 109 (7): 1266-82.<\/p>\n

Campbell, T. Collin; Campbell, Thomas (2006). The China Study: The Most Comprehensive Study of Nutrition Ever Conducted and the Startling Implications for Diet, Weight Loss and Long-term Health. Dallas: Benbella Books.<\/p>\n

Campbell, T. Collin, Jacobson, Howard (2014). Prevare z dietami z malo ogljikovih hidratov. Maribor: SITIS.<\/p>\n

Cunnane, Stephen C. (2013). Survival of the fatest: The key to human brain evolution. World Scientific.<\/p>\n

Hlastan Ribi\u010d, Cirila (2006). Razli\u010dni na\u010dini prehranjevanja\/Different types of nutrition: in Bohnec, M., Klavs, J., Toma\u017ein-\u0160porar, M., Kra\u0161ovec, A., & \u017dargaj, B. (Eds.). Sladkorna bolezen\/Diabetes: Priro\u010dnik\/Manual. Ljubljana: samozal., 482-495.<\/p>\n

Key, T.J.A., Chen, J., Wang, D.Y., Pike, M.C., Boreham, J. (1990). Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain. Br. J. Cancer, 62: 631-636.<\/p>\n

Klemetti, Reija, Kletti, Che, Huan, Gao, Yan, Reave, Joanna, Wu, Zhuochun, Tang, Shenglan, Hemminki, Elina (2010). Cesarean section delivery among primiparous women in rural China: an emerging epidemic. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 202:65e1-6; dosegljivo na: https:\/\/www.ajog.org\/article\/S0002-9378(09)00958-2\/abstract<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Larsen, C.S.(2000). Dietary Reconstruction and Nutritional Assessment of Past Peoples: The Bioanthropological Record. In Kiple, K.F. & Kriemhild, C. O. (eds): The Cambridge World history of Food, Volume 1. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 13-33.<\/p>\n

Lawrence, Ruth A., Lawrence, Robert (2016). Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession, eight edition. Philadelphia: Elsevier.<\/p>\n

Mercola, Joseph (2016). The case against Veganism \u2013 Carefully researched book spills the Bean; 25. September; dosegljivo na https:\/\/articles.mercola.com\/sites\/articles\/archive\/2016\/09\/25\/veganism.aspx<\/a>, 8.10.2016.<\/p>\n

Milton, Katharine, (1998). Eating What Comes Naturally: An Examination of Some Differences Between the Dietary Components of Humans and Wild Primates<\/em>. Williamburg, Virginia: The Origins and Evolution of Human Diet, 14th<\/sup> International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, July 26-Agust 1; accessible on: www.cast.uark.edu\/local\/icaes\/conferences\/wburg\/posters\/kmilton\/kmilton.html<\/a>, 6.3.2009.<\/p>\n

Price, W.A (1989). Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: 50th anniversary edition. New Canaan: Connecticut Keates Publishing.<\/p>\n

Rainar, J. (2012). Razvoj zarodkovih mo\u017eganov; https:\/\/www.bambino.si\/razvoj_zarodkovih_mozganov_1<\/a>, 29.9.2016.<\/p>\n

Ransom, Elizabeth I., Elder, Leslie K. (2003). Nutrition of women and Adolescent Girls: Why it matters. PRB \u2013 Population reference bureau; dosegljivo na: https:\/\/www.prb.org\/Publications\/Articles\/2003\/NutritionofWomenandAdolescentGirlsWhyItMatters.aspx<\/a>, 29.9.2016.<\/p>\n

Smith, R. (2009). Vegan diet increases the risk of birth defects, scientist warn. The Telegraph, 2. marec; dosegljivo na: https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/health\/news\/4902648\/Vegan-diet-increases-the-risk-of-birth-defects-scientists-warn.html<\/a>, 29. 9. 2016.<\/p>\n

Yajnik, C. S., Deshpande, S.S., Jackson, A.A., Refsum, H., Rao, S., Fisher, D.J., Bhat, D.S., Naik, S.S., Coyaji, K.J., Joglekar, C.V., Joshi, N., Lubre, H.G., Despande, V.U., Rege, S.S., Fall, C.H.D. (2008). Vitamin B12 and folate cencentrations during pregnancy and insulin resistance in the offspring: the Pune Maternal Nutrition Study. Diabetologia, 51:29-38.<\/p>\n

Zong, Xin-Nan, Li, Hui (2014). Physical growth of children and adolescents in China over past 35 years. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92: 555-564; dosegljivo na: https:\/\/www.who.int\/bulletin\/volumes\/92\/8\/13-126243\/en\/#<\/a>, 10.10.2016<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Moja prateta je ovdovela malo pred prvo svetovno vojno. Ostala je sama s sedmimi otroki in v pri\u010dakovanju osmega. \u0160e na dan poroda je prinesla domov na glavi rjuho sena, od\u0161la v sobo, kjer je rodila brez pomo\u010di, zve\u010der pa \u0161e skuhala za otroke mo\u010dnik z mlekom. Njihova prehrana je bila skromna, a polnovredna z […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":88889,"featured_media":1587,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[216,368,285,287,288],"class_list":["post-1581","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-raziskave","tag-nosecnost","tag-porod","tag-veganstvo","tag-vegetarijanstvo","tag-vsejedstvo","et-has-post-format-content","et_post_format-et-post-format-standard"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nNi\u017eja rast veganov<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/ziva-voda.com\/blog\/nizja-rast-veganov\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sl_SI\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ni\u017eja rast veganov\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Moja prateta je ovdovela malo pred prvo svetovno vojno. Ostala je sama s sedmimi otroki in v pri\u010dakovanju osmega. \u0160e na dan poroda je prinesla domov na glavi rjuho sena, od\u0161la v sobo, kjer je rodila brez pomo\u010di, zve\u010der pa \u0161e skuhala za otroke mo\u010dnik z mlekom. 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